Table 1 Multicollinearity test for independent variables.

From: Flood-prone area mapping using a synergistic approach with swarm intelligence and gradient boosting algorithms

Variables

VIF

Tolerance

Altitude

3.081

0.325

Aspect

1.065

0.939

Distance to river

1.212

0.825

Land cover

1.150

0.87

Lithology

2.700

0.37

NDVI

1.723

0.58

Plan curvature

1.153

0.867

Profile curvature

1.320

0.758

Rainfall

1.231

0.813

Slope

5.948

0.168

Soil texture

1.349

0.741

SPI

3.676

0.272

TWI

3.036

0.329

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