Table 3 Optimized hyperparameters of the CatBoost model using swarm-based algorithms.

From: Flood-prone area mapping using a synergistic approach with swarm intelligence and gradient boosting algorithms

WOA

ZOA

Depth = 4

Depth = 5

Iterations = 197

Iterations = 190

Learning rate = 0.29

Learning rate = 0.29

L2 leaf reg = 3

L2 leaf reg = 0.13

Border count = 102

Border count = 125

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