Fig. 1

(a) AVC density. (b) SSB density. (c) Importance values for different life types of vegetation communities. The density of the AVC and SSB in the open-pit coal mine dumping sites in different years post-restoration and the density of the natural grassland AVC and SSB in plants m− 2. The pink at the top represents shrubs, the dark blue in the center represents perennials, and the light blue at the bottom represents annuals and biennials. Different letters in the graph represent significant differences for the same index, P < 0.05. 2a represents restoration of a 2-year-old dump, 4a represents restoration of a 4-year-old dump, 7a represents restoration of a 7-year-old dump, 17a represents restoration of a 17-year-old dump, and CK represents natural grassland.