Fig. 1

Dusun Tua hot spring sampling site. (A) Piper plot summarizing the water chemistry. (B) Map showing the location of the hot spring (red dot). (C) Photograph of the site before the flood event. (D) Photograph after the flood, showing structural disturbance and changes to the spring margins. Biofilms were sampled from submerged stones and plant litter within 1 to 1.5 m of the spring head and pooled for each replicate. (E, F) Physical appearance of the grey-tan biofilm attached to submerged surfaces.