Scientific Reports

Table 3 The best threshold value for different optimization techniques for the test images.

From: GAAOA-Lévy: a hybrid metaheuristic for optimized multilevel thresholding in image segmentation

Image	Pepper				Camera man
Image	K = 2	K = 3	K = 4	K = 5	K = 2	K = 3	K = 4	K = 5
GAAOA	88.221	47.32	47.67	43.754	74.123	61.431	44.944	39.77
EMO Lévy	82.143	43.99	41.89	39.811	70.144	57.117	41.942	36.83
EMO	56.120	43.10	43.91	39.792	71.144	53.112	47.991	36.83
CS	49.116	43.99	41.89	39.801	70.144	59.119	41.941	37.84
SCA	100.182	92.12	41.139	59.812	96.167	65.155	59.117	47.85
MFO	56.152	72.11	47.74	29.859	94.146	59.143	77.135	37.53
WOA	66.143	59.12	68.94	38.812	86.145	73.151	76.126	80.12

Image	Baboon
Image	K = 2	K = 3	K = 4	K = 5
GAAOA	99.12	89.34	76.93	67.76
EMO Lévy	96.98	88.09	71.23	64.95
EMO	94.91	81.21	68.56	62.34
CS	88.03	76.82	71.23	68.76
SCA	78.34	69.86	45.65	75.67
MFO	70.45	64.37	44.8	46.98
WOA	68.2	60.32	96.08	32.77

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