Table 6 Comparative study between fitness value, thresholds, and PSNR for low-contrast image (Camera man) for different optimization techniques.

From: GAAOA-Lévy: a hybrid metaheuristic for optimized multilevel thresholding in image segmentation

Image

Fitness value

Thresholds

PSNR

K = 2

K = 3

K = 4

K = 5

K = 2

K = 3

K = 4

K = 5

K = 2

K = 3

K = 4

K = 5

GAAOA Lévy

1.15e+3

1.181e+3

1.21e+3

1.26e+3

53.92

37.22

32.23

34.23

22.61

25.21

26.11

28.12

EMO Lévy

1.15e+3

1.18e+3

1.199e+3

1.23e+3

52.95

35.68.

31.66

29.53

21.48

24.56

25.62

27.31

EMO

1.15e+3

1.18e+3

1.191e+3

1.21e+3

52.94

34.69.

34.68

33.67

21.34

24.43

25.55

25.78

CS

1.15e+3

1.18e+03

1.189e+3

1.12e+3

52.93

34.67

34.68

32.65

21.48

24.56

25.62

26.84

SCA

1.14e+3

1.17e+3

1.184e+3

1.119e+3

52.34

34.13

34.21

32.28

21.16

24.23

25.41

26.23

MFO

1.13e+3

1.169e+3

1.183e+3

1.114e+3

52.22

34.01

33.97

32.11

21.02

24.12

25.22

26.12

WOA

1.13e+3

1.167e+3

a.a81e+3

1.111 e+3

51.87

33.87

33.67

32.01

20.97

23.89

25.12

25.76