Table 1 Summary of the literature on PCI.

From: The effect of productive capacity changes, income, and clean energy on ecological sustainability in China by novel KRLS approach

Panel	Author	Sample countries	Period	PCI indicator	Approach	Outcome
Panel A: Energy	Bhattacharya et al.²³	85 developed and developing	1991–2012	REC	GMM, FMOLS	REC ↓ CO₂
	Akram et al.⁴⁴	66 developing	1990–2014	REC	FE, PQR	REC ↓ CO₂
	Saidi and Omri⁴⁹	15 OECD	1990–2018	REC	VECM	REC ↓ CO₂
	Hasanov et al.⁴⁵	BRICS	1990–2017	REC	CS-ARDL	REC ↓ CO₂
	Khan et al.⁶	BRICS	1990–2019	REC	GLS, PCSE	REC ↓ CO₂
	Hasanov et al.⁴⁷	20 RECAI	1990–2018	REC	AMG, CCEMG	REC ↓ CO₂
	Mukhtarov⁷	Türkiye	1990–2019	REC	ARDL	REC ↓ CO₂
	Mukhtarov et al.⁵⁰	Canada	1996–2021	REC	FMOLS	REC ↓ CO₂
Panel B: Human capital	Khan et al.⁵¹	7 OECD	1990–2018	Human Capital	CS-ARDL	HC ↓ CO₂
Panel B: Human capital	Isiksal et al.⁵²	Central Asian	1995–2018	Human Capital	PMG	HC ↓ CO₂
Panel C: ICT	Zhang and Liu²²	China	2000–2010	ICT	FGLS	ICT ↓ CO₂
	Danish et al.⁴³	N-11 countries	1990–2015	ICT	AMG	ICT ↓ CO₂
	Haseeb et al.⁵³	BRICS	1994–2014	ICT	DSUR	ICT ↑ CO₂
	Raheem et al.²⁵	G7	1990–2014	ICT	PMG	ICT ↑ CO₂
	Khan et al.⁶	BRICS	1990–2019	ICT	GLS, PCSE	ICT ↓ CO₂
	Li et al.⁵⁴	BRI	2007–2015	ICT	GMM	ICT ↑ CO₂
Panel D: Institutions	Ahmed and Wang⁵⁵	Pakistan	1996–2018	IQ	ARDL	IQ ↓ CO₂
	Ali et al.⁵⁶	47 developing	2004–2010	IQ	GMM	IQ ↓ CO₂
	Khan et al.⁵⁷	188	2002–2018	IQ	GMM	IQ ↓ CO₂
	Obobisa et al.⁵⁸	25 African	2000–2018	IQ	CCEMG, AMG	IQ ↑ CO₂
	Mukhtarov et al.⁵⁰	Canada	1996–2021	IQ	FMOLS	IQ ↓ CO₂
Panel E: Structural change	Adebayo et al.¹³	Türkiye	1965–2019	Structural Change	NARDL	SC ↓ CO₂
Panel F: Transport	Ben Jebli and Hadhri²⁴	Top 10 international tourism	1995–2013	Transportation	FMOLS, DOLS	TS ↓ CO₂
	Khan et al.⁵⁹	Asian developing	2001–2017	Transportation	FMOLS, DOLS	TR ↑ CO₂
	Godil et al.⁶⁰	USA	2000/1-2019/8	Transportation	QARDL	TS ↓ CO₂
	Sharif et al.⁶¹	Malaysia	1995–2018	Transportation	QARDL	TR ↑ CO₂
Panel G: Aggregated PCI	Lin et al.¹⁴	40 developing BRI host	2000–2018	PCI	GMM, FGLS	PCI ↓ CO₂
Panel G: Aggregated PCI	Oluc et al.¹⁵	38 OECD	2000–2018	PCI	PMG-ARDL	PCI ↓ CO₂

AMG: Augmented Mean Group; ARDL: Autoregressive Distributed Lag; BRI: Belt and Road Initiative; CCEMG: Common Correlated Mean Group; CS-ARDL: Cross-Sectional ARDL: DOLS: Dynamic OLS; DSUR: Dynamic Seemingly Unrelated Regression; FE: Fixed Effect; FGLS: Feasible Generalized Least Squares; FMOLS: Fully Modified OLS; GLS: Generalized Least Squares; GMM: Generalized Method of Moments; IQ: Institutional Quality; NARDL: Nonlinear ARDL; PCSE: Panel Corrected Standard Errors; PMG: Pooled Mean Group; PQR: Panel Quantile Regression; QARDL: Quantile ARDL; REC: Renewable Energy Consumption; VECM: Vector Error Correction Model. ↑: Stimulating Effect; ↓: Reducing Effect; = Causality; ≠: No Causality.

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Table 1 Summary of the literature on PCI.

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