Table 1 Literature review.
Materials | Method | Characterization | Findings | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
GO/RGO | Hummers, hydrothermal synthesis | XRD, FESEM, EDAX, UV–Vis, PL, EIS, XPS | Applications in Super capacitors | |
SnO2, CTAB | Hydrothermal synthesis | XRD, FESEM, BET, UV–Vis DRS | CTAB-modified SnO2 showed higher surface area and photocatalytic efficiency for water treatment | |
SnO2, Doped Metal Oxides | Sol–gel method | XRD, TEM, EIS, Cyclic Voltammetry | Doping improved lithium-ion storage capacity and reduced charge transfer resistance | |
SnO2, NiO, Metal–Organic Framework (MOF) | MOF-derived synthesis | XRD, SEM, EDX, Gas Sensing Tests | Enhanced CO gas sensing response due to increased oxygen vacancies | |
SnO2, CeO2 | Hydrothermal method | XRD, FESEM, XPS, Gas Sensing | High sensitivity to CO gas and arsenate ions due to oxygen vacancies | |
SnO2, Polypyrrole (PPy), Graphene Oxide (GO) | In-situ polymerization and solution mixing techniques | XRD, FTIR, Raman, UV–Vis Spectroscopy, FESEM | SnO2/PPy/GO nanocomposite exhibited enhanced CO gas sensing performance with a response of 252 s at 10 ppm Excellent selectivity and long-term stability over 60 days | |
SnO2 | Sol–gel method | XRD, FESEM, Raman Spectroscopy | Structural and optical properties studied for gas sensing applications | |
SnO2 | Microwave-Assisted Synthesis | XRD, TEM, EDX, UV–DRS, PL, TGA/DTA | SnO2 nanostructures showed good crystal quality with varied crystallite sizes (2–23 nm) UV–Vis DRS analysis revealed direct and indirect band gaps of 3.86 eV and 1.56 eV, respectively | |
SnO2, Metal Nanoparticles | Various Chemical, Physical, and Biological Methods | XRD, TEM, SEM, UV–Vis, FTIR, DLS, AFM | Discusses synthesis and characterisation techniques of metal nanoparticles, including SnO2, and their applications in medicine, agriculture, and environmental science | |
Sn2⁺-Containing SnO2 | Hydrothermal Method | XRD, SEM, FIB, UV–Vis | Sn2⁺ doping enhanced visible-light absorption and photocatalytic degradation efficiency for methyl orange | |
SnO2 | Sol–Gel Method | XRD, EDAX, FESEM, UV–Vis | Band gap tuning was observed with increasing calcination temperature (3.1 eV at 450 °C, 3.0 eV at 550 °C) Improving photocatalytic efficiency | |
SnO2, CTAB | Hydrothermal Method | XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, Raman, UV–Vis | CTAB-assisted synthesis led to flower-like SnO2 structures with a band gap of 2.26 eV Exhibiting good photocatalytic activity for methyl orange degradation | |
SnO2, CTAB | Hydrothermal method | XRD, FTIR, UV, PL, SEM, TGA, DSC | CTAB-controlled morphology enhanced surface area and charge carrier efficiency Improving photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants | |
SnO2, Ce, CTAB | Electrodeposition | XRD, SEM, EIS, Oxygen Evolution Potential | CTAB improved electrode stability, reduced charge transfer resistance, and enhanced electrocatalytic oxidation efficiency for phenol degradation | |
SnO2, CTAB | Hydrothermal method | XRD, SEM, Gas sensing tests | CTAB-enhanced SnO2 showed improved sensitivity and selectivity for ethylene gas detection |
