Table 2 Effects of development status and Temporal trends on food loss percentage by commodity Group.

From: Understanding food loss patterns across developed and developing countries using a GDP, growth rate, and health expenditure-based typology

Commodity Group

N (Observations)

N (Countries)

Random Intercept (SD)

β

SE

t-value

p-value

Marginal

R2

Conditional

R2

Intercept

   

13.353

3.431

    

Roots and Tubers

452

33

5.448

1.154

3.345

0.345

0.730

0.018

0.338

I(Year−2000)

   

−0.314

0.120

−2.620

0.009**

  

Intercept

   

14.117

2.861

    

Grains

19,585

76

6.854

−8.023

2.977

−2.695

0.007**

0.003

0.864

I(Year−2000)

   

0.005

0.003

1.581

0.114

  

Intercept

   

20.404

7.226

    

Oilseeds

264

11

10.011

−19.292

7.954

−2.426

0.016*

0.164

0.897

I(Year−2000)

   

0.264

0.063

4.198

< 0.001***

  

Intercept

   

13.098

2.701

    

Vegetables

1462

42

7.088

1.842

2.960

0.622

0.534

0.007

0.420

I(Year−2000)

   

0.032

0.052

0.620

0.536

  

Intercept

   

10.351

3.443

    

Fruits

1091

42

6.588

3.619

3.610

1.002

0.316

0.025

0.382

I(Year−2000)

   

−0.048

0.065

−0.735

0.463

  

Intercept

   

13.580

2.740

    

Pulses

256

24

3.743

−5.434

2.333

−2.329

0.021*

0.061

0.262

I(Year−2000)

   

0.034

0.139

0.245

0.807

  

Intercept

   

5.533

4.576

    

Sugar

38

5

7.128

2.925

6.772

0.432

0.669

0.042

0.874

I(Year−2000)

   

0.260

0.126

2.058

0.048*

  

Intercept

   

5.231

4.898

    

Meat

97

14

8.583

0.115

5.407

0.021

0.983

0.009

0.764

I(Year−2000)

   

0.228

0.148

1.545

0.126

  

Intercept

   

13.872

3.749

    

Dairy and eggs

33

9

3.062

2.387

2.614

0.913

0.369

0.210

0.598

I(Year−2000)

   

−0.893

0.294

−3.034

0.005**

  

Intercept

   

13.922

3.554

    

Other

1033

41

8.285

0.528

3.921

0.135

0.893

0.000

0.376

I(Year−2000)

   

−0.022

0.069

−0.323

0.747

  
  1. Maximum Likelihood; Generalized Liner Mixed Model; Reference Category: Developed; *: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01; ***: p < 0.001.