Fig. 5

Plastic zones of the slope obtained by different methods: (a) traditional reduction method (Fc = Fφ = 1.27); (b) c-only reduction method (Fc = 1.63); (c) φ-only reduction method (Fφ = 1.73); (d) non-proportional reduction method (Fc = 1.23, Fφ = 1.3); (e) the double strength reduction method 1 (Fc = 1.37, Fφ = 1.17); (f) the double strength reduction method 2 (Fφ = 1.15); (g) original strength parameters; (h) the double strength reduction method 3 (global zone Fc = 1.1, Fφ = 1.05, shear zone Fφ = 1.05); (i) double strength reduction method 3 (global zone Fc = 1.21, Fφ = 1.1, shear zone Fφ = 1.05).