Table 2 Nationally representative estimates of comorbidity patterns by study group.
From: Comorbidities associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in the United States
FASD Cases No. (%) | General Patient Controls No. (%) | Behavioral Health Controls No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
First-order comorbidities | |||
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders | 4,620 (28.4%) | 4,320 (5.3%) | 11,045 (13.6%) |
Cardiovascular problems | 4,245 (26.1%) | 16,050 (19.8%) | 19,990 (24.6%) |
Gastrointestinal problems | 3,885 (23.9%) | 10,625 (13.1%) | 17,055 (21.0%) |
Anxiety disorders | 3,770 (23.2%) | 10,480 (12.9%) | 30,005 (37.0%) |
Nicotine dependence | 3,740 (23.0%) | 17,880 (22.0%) | 23,315 (28.7%) |
Major depressive disorder | 3,545 (21.8%) | 10,365 (12.8%) | 29,910 (36.8%) |
Intellectual & developmental disorder | 3,155 (19.4%) | 620 (0.8%) | 1,840 (2.3%) |
Suicidal ideations | 3,150 (19.4%) | 4,930 (6.1%) | 13,705 (16.9%) |
Long term (current) drug therapy | 3,135 (19.3%) | 12,490 (15.4%) | 15,645 (19.3%) |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | 2,730 (16.8%) | 2,385 (2.9%) | 7,090 (8.7%) |
Second-order comorbidities | |||
Major depressive disorder & anxiety disorders | 1,605 (9.9%) | 5,005 (6.2%) | 13,950 (17.2%) |
Gastrointestinal problems & cardiovascular problems | 1,595 (9.8%) | 4,070 (5.0%) | 6,815 (8.4%) |
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders & anxiety disorders | 1,490 (9.2%) | 1,220 (1.5%) | 3,325 (4.1%) |
Suicidal ideations & major depressive disorder | 1,450 (8.9%) | 2,925 (3.6%) | 8,090 (10.0%) |
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders & suicidal ideations | 1,325 (8.2%) | 950 (1.2%) | 2,480 (3.1%) |
Nicotine dependence & anxiety disorders | 1,295 (8.0%) | 4,220 (5.2%) | 10,970 (13.5%) |
Nicotine dependence & major depressive disorder | 1,280 (7.9%) | 3,805 (4.7%) | 10,015 (12.3%) |
Conduct disorders & Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders | 1,250 (7.7%) | 745 (0.9%) | 1,985 (2.4%) |
Suicidal ideations & anxiety disorders | 1,245 (7.7%) | 2,125 (2.6%) | 5,800 (7.1%) |
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders & Major depressive disorder | 1,230 (7.6%) | 1,150 (1.4%) | 3,310 (4.1%) |
Third-order comorbidities | |||
Anxiety disorders & suicidal ideations & major depressive disorder | 710 (4.4%) | 1,480 (1.8%) | 4,055 (5.0%) |
Nicotine dependence & major depressive disorder & anxiety disorders | 620 (3.8%) | 2,005 (2.5%) | 4,950 (6.1%) |
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders & major depressive disorder & anxiety disorders | 600 (3.7%) | 585 (0.7%) | 1,685 (2.1%) |
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders & major depressive disorder & suicidal ideations | 585 (3.6%) | 535 (0.7%) | 1,415 (1.7%) |
Gastrointestinal problems & long term (current) drug therapy & cardiovascular problems | 560 (3.4%) | 1,630 (2.0%) | 2,500 (3.1%) |
Nicotine dependence & suicidal ideations & major depressive disorder | 545 (3.4%) | 985 (1.2%) | 2,300 (2.8%) |
Personal history of self-harm & major depressive disorder & suicidal ideations | 525 (3.2%) | 730 (0.9%) | 1,940 (2.4%) |
Anxiety disorders & suicidal ideations & attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders | 520 (3.2%) | 435 (0.5%) | 1,085 (1.3%) |
Major depressive disorder & post-traumatic stress disorder & suicidal ideations | 490 (3.0%) | 440 (0.5%) | 1,565 (1.9%) |
