Table 3 Comparison of comorbidity patterns between cases and controls.

From: Comorbidities associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in the United States

 

Adjusted OR, FASD Cases vs. GP Controls

Adjusted OR, FASD Cases vs. BH Controls

First-order comorbidities

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders

7.97 (6.67–9.53)*

3.10 (2.67–3.59)*

Cardiovascular problems

1.19 (1.02–1.39)*

0.99 (0.86–1.14)

Gastrointestinal problems

1.64 (1.41–1.9)*

1.09 (0.95–1.25)

Anxiety disorders

1.59 (1.35–1.86)*

0.51 (0.45–0.59)*

Nicotine dependence

0.87 (0.74–1.02)

0.64 (0.55–0.74)*

Major depressive disorder

1.35 (1.15–1.59)*

0.45 (0.39–0.52)*

Intellectual & developmental disorder

20.98 (15.51–28.39)*

7.96 (6.44–9.83)*

Suicidal ideations

2.49 (2.07–2.99)*

1.12 (0.97–1.31)

Long term (current) drug therapy

1.16 (0.98–1.37)

0.98 (0.85–1.13)

Post-traumatic stress disorder

4.13 (3.34–5.11)*

1.69 (1.44–1.99)*

Second-order comorbidities

Major depressive disorder & anxiety disorders

1.19 (0.96–1.49)

0.51 (0.42–0.61)*

Gastrointestinal problems & cardiovascular problems

1.55 (1.24–1.94)*

1.12 (0.93–1.36)

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders & anxiety disorders

5.17 (3.87–6.89)*

2.24 (1.80–2.79)*

Suicidal ideations & major depressive disorder

1.70 (1.34–2.17)*

0.85 (0.69–1.04)

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders & suicidal ideations

4.61 (3.38–6.29)*

2.41 (1.9–3.07)*

Nicotine dependence & anxiety disorders

1.15 (0.90–1.48)

0.51 (0.42–0.62)*

Nicotine dependence & major depressive disorder

1.22 (0.95–1.58)

0.59 (0.48–0.73)*

Conduct disorders & Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders

6.00 (4.40–8.18)*

3.13 (2.42–4.04)*

Suicidal ideations & anxiety disorders

1.98 (1.52–2.59)*

0.99 (0.80–1.23)

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders & Major depressive disorder

4.03 (3.00–5.41)*

1.71 (1.37–2.14)*

Third-order comorbidities

Anxiety disorders & suicidal ideations & major depressive disorder

1.65 (1.18–2.31)*

0.80 (0.61–1.05)

Nicotine dependence & major depressive disorder & anxiety disorders

1.15 (0.82–1.62)

0.60 (0.45–0.79)*

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders & major depressive disorder & anxiety disorders

3.68 (2.50–5.40)*

1.54 (1.13–2.12)*

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders & major depressive disorder & suicidal ideations

3.14 (2.05–4.79)*

1.71 (1.23–2.39)*

Gastrointestinal problems & long term (current) drug therapy & cardiovascular problems

1.39 (0.99–1.96)

1.05 (0.77–1.42)

Nicotine dependence & suicidal ideations & major depressive disorder

1.84 (1.24–2.73)*

1.18 (0.87–1.60)

Personal history of self-harm & major depressive disorder & suicidal ideations

2.41 (1.58–3.67)*

1.21 (0.85–1.72)

Anxiety disorders & suicidal ideations & attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders

3.68 (2.38–5.70)*

1.96 (1.39–2.77)*

Major depressive disorder & post-traumatic stress disorder & suicidal ideations

2.96 (1.84–4.76)*

1.15 (0.81–1.62)

  1. Note. FASD = fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, GP = general patient, BH = behavioral health. Rows represent the top ten most frequently occurring first- and second-order comorbidities identified. Rows for the third-order comorbidities represent all nine patterns identified. Adjusted models control for age, sex, race, payer, length of stay, disposition, census region, and severity of illness. * P ≤.001.
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