Table 1 The definition of variables.
From: The impact of embedded global innovation networks on manufacturing value chains
Variable | Meaning | Method of measurement | |
|---|---|---|---|
Explained variable | GVCP | GVC position | Global Value Chain Position Index calculated by Koopman |
Explanatory variable | D_b | Embedding breadth | The number of other nodes that directly connect to it |
D_d | Embedding depth | The weighted total number of cooperation with other nodes | |
Control variable | Bank | Level of financial development | The proportion of domestic credit to the private sector in GDP |
Mac | Macroeconomic development environment | GDP growth rate | |
Exp_tech | Level of technological innovation | The ratio of innovation expenditure to GDP | |
Urban | Urbanization rate | The ratio of the urban population to the total population | |
Ind_va | Relative scale of industrial added value | The proportion of annual industrial added value in a country or region to its GDP | |
IFDI | Foreign direct investment | The ratio of inflow FDI to GDP | |
Trade | Trade openness | The ratio of total exports and import trade to GDP | |
