Fig. 1

Illustration of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants, non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) and vaccination prevalence in Baden-Württemberg. Vaccination data are aggregated as quarterly means. Reference population for BW as of Dec 31, 2022, is 11.28 M people34. SARS-CoV-2 variants are classified quarterly based on the prevailing virus strain. As no specific SARS-CoV-2 variants data are available for BW, it is assumed that the variants behaved similarly as in the rest of Germany. Using the NPI, we could track and observe the government’s responses to COVID-19 over time in Baden-Württemberg.