Fig. 4

Estimated COVID-19 incidence per 100,000 persons per year in response to each environmental stressor. All other parameters were kept constant, and were set to the following values: Age group: 50–60 years, sex assigned at birth: female, postal code: 70376, quarter: Q2, year: 2021 and environmental stressors: median. Estimates were obtained using the R function predict for Temp, Prec, NO2, O3, and PM2.5, including their 5th and 95th percentiles.