Table 2 Descriptive statistics and ANOVA results for maternal-fetal attachment outcomes (MFAS and MAAS) by partner support group and measurement time.

From: Father-inclusive chatbot-based prenatal education during COVID-19 pandemic enhances maternal–fetal attachment in Korean primigravida women across levels of partner support

Dependent variables	Time	Group, M (SD)		Group effect		Time effect		Interaction effect
		Low PS group (n = 29)	High PS group (n = 31)	Test statistic	p-value	Test statistic	p-value	Test statistic	p-value
		Low PS group (n = 29)	High PS group (n = 31)	Test statistic	\(\:{\eta\:}_{p}^{2}\)^c	Test statistic	\(\:{\eta\:}_{p}^{2}\)	Test statistic	\(\:{\eta\:}_{p}^{2}\)
MFAS
DIFFSLF	Pre^a	10.24 (1.53)	11.32 (1.05)	F (1, 58) = 7.22	0.0009^**	F (1, 58) = 7.96	0.007^**	F (1, 58) = 5.47	0.02^*
DIFFSLF	Post^b	10.93 (1.28)	11.39 (0.99)	F (1, 58) = 7.22	0.11	F (1, 58) = 7.96	0.12	F (1, 58) = 5.47	0.09
INTERACT	Pre	13.41 (2.90)	15.19 (2.87)	F (1, 58) = 4.35	0.04^*	F (1, 58) = 19.31	< 0.001^***	F (1, 58) = 1.52	0.22
INTERACT	Post	15.31 (2.59)	16.26 (3.00)	F (1, 58) = 4.35	0.07	F (1, 58) = 19.31	0.25	F (1, 58) = 1.52	0.03
ATTRIBUT	Pre	17.31 (2.94)	20.19 (2.99)	F (1, 58) = 8.59	0.005^**	F (1, 58) = 5.06	0.03^*	F (1, 58) = 6.92	0.011^*
ATTRIBUT	Post	18.97 (3.05)	20.06 (2.77)	F (1, 58) = 8.59	0.13	F (1, 58) = 5.06	0.08	F (1, 58) = 6.92	0.11
GIVINGSLF	Pre	15.52 (3.16)	17.74 (3.90)	F (1, 58) = 5.33	0.02^*	F (1, 58) = 4.27	0.04^*	F (1, 58) = 0.72	0.40
GIVINGSLF	Post	16.52 (3.32)	18.16 (3.56)	F (1, 58) = 5.33	0.08	F (1, 58) = 4.27	0.07	F (1, 58) = 0.72	0.01
ROLETAK	Pre	10.76 (3.20)	12.29 (2.77)	F (1, 58) = 4.19	0.045^*	F (1, 58) = 7.88	0.007^**	F (1, 58) = 0.26	0.61
ROLETAK	Post	11.55 (3.04)	12.84 (2.21)	F (1, 58) = 4.19	0.07	F (1, 58) = 7.88	0.12	F (1, 58) = 0.26	0.005
Total MFAS score	Pre	67.24 (10.49)	76.74 (11.18)	F (1, 58) = 8.76	0.004^**	F (1, 58) = 19.38	< 0.001^***	F (1, 58) = 5.00	0.03^*
Total MFAS score	Post	73.28 (10.12)	78.71 (9.67)	F (1, 58) = 8.76	0.13	F (1, 58) = 19.38	0.25	F (1, 58) = 5.00	0.08
MAAS
Quality	Pre	31.41 (4.20)	35.16 (2.61)	F (1, 58) = 11.34	0.0014^**	F (1, 58) = 12.88	0.0007^***	F (1, 58) = 10.19	0.002^**
Quality	Post	33.62 (3.65)	35.29 (2.81)	F (1, 58) = 11.34	0.16	F (1, 58) = 12.88	0.18	F (1, 58) = 10.19	0.15
Intensity	Pre	35.00 (4.39)	38.48 (4.16)	F (1, 58) = 7.36	0.009^**	F (1, 58) = 40.85	< 0.001^***	F (1, 58) = 4.79	0.03^*
Intensity	Post	37.90 (4.14)	39.90 (3.82)	F (1, 58) = 7.36	0.11	F (1, 58) = 40.85	0.41	F (1, 58) = 4.79	0.08
Total MAAS score	Pre	70.66 (8.30)	78.16 (6.71)	F (1, 58) = 10.19	0.002^**	F (1, 58) = 32.84	< 0.001^***	F (1, 58) = 9.81	0.003^**
Total MAAS score	Post	75.83 (7.56)	79.68 (6.34)	F (1, 58) = 10.19	0.15	F (1, 58) = 32.84	0.36	F (1, 58) = 9.81	0.14

Note. MFAS: Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale; DIFFSLF: Differentiation of self from the fetus; INTERACT: Interaction with the fetus; ATTRIBUT: Attributing characteristics and intention to the fetus; GIVINGSLF: Giving of self; ROLETAK: Role taking; MAAS: Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale; PS: Partner support. Significant group \(\:\times\:\) time interaction effects were found for DIFFSLF, ATTRIBUT, total MFAS, and all MAAS outcomes, indicating greater improvements in the low PS group. ^*p <.05; ^**p <.01; ^***p <.001.
^aPre: Pre-intervention; ^bPost: Post-intervention; ^c\(\:{\eta\:}_{p}^{2}\) = partial eta squared (effect size: small = 0.01, medium = 0.06, large ≥ 0.14).

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Table 2 Descriptive statistics and ANOVA results for maternal-fetal attachment outcomes (MFAS and MAAS) by partner support group and measurement time.

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