Fig. 7

Night-time light (NTL) decadal change between 2012 and 2022 in the study area showing the expansion of human activity centres with overlayed spatial risk zone maps of negative HLCI for spatial comparison. (a) Study Block 1 (b) Study Block 2. The map was generated in ArcGIS Desktop 10.7. 0 (Esri, Inc.) software using freely available annual VIIRS Night-time Lights (VNL) V2.2 and V2.1 averaged masked data of Earth Observation Group (EOG) from Colorado School of Mines (https://eogdata.mines.edu/products/vnl/).