Table 1 Relevant parameter values.

Soil density (kg/m³)

Unfrozen ground 1920

Tundra 1880

Soil thermal conductivity (W/(m K))

Unfrozen ground1.18

Tundra 1.79

Specific heat of soil (J/(kg K))

Unfrozen ground1.53

Tundra 1.61

Soil permeability coefficient(m/s)

Unfrozen ground0.56 × 10⁻⁴

Tundra 1.91 × 10⁻³⁰

Soil porosity

0.4

Density of ice (kg/m³)

920

Thermal conductivity of water (W/(m K))

0.55

Thermal conductivity of ice (W/(m K))

2.14

Specific heat of water (J/(kg K))

4180

Specific heat of ice (J/(kg K))

2100

latent heat of phase transition of water ice (KJ/(kg K))

334