Table 11 Model performance comparison (proposed: 89.5% accuracy, 88.7% F1-score).
Model | Accuracy (%) | Precision (%) | Recall (%) | F1-Score (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Proposed Model | 89.5 | 90.4 | 87.3 | 88.7 |
VGGNet | 85.4 | 84.1 | 83.7 | 83.9 |
InceptionV3 | 84.7 | 83.8 | 83.1 | 83.4 |
ResNet-50 | 82.9 | 81.9 | 80.5 | 81.2 |
Transformer | 83.6 | 82.5 | 81 | 81.7 |