Fig. 1

Overview of the Trimpancho mining complex. (A) Orthomosaic generated from a drone-based photogrammetric survey, showing the geographic location and extent of the study area. (B) Schematic representation of the mining areas and fixed water sampling points collected in the Trimpancho stream and pit lakes. Seep sampling points are not represented, as they are not fixed and could not be sampled consistently across all field campaigns.