Table 2 Summary of geometric characteristics of seepage areas for various cracks.
From: Experimental study on seepage characteristics model of tunnel lining based on infrared imaging
Lining position | Crack type | Geometric characteristics summary |
|---|---|---|
Vault | Point-like crack | Circular. The seepage area increases with the flow rate |
Inclined linear crack | Parallelogram | |
Vertical linear crack | Rice-grain shape | |
Horizontal linear crack | Upper trapezoid and lower rectangle | |
Spandrel | Point-like crack | Uniform-width strip distribution below the seepage point and semicircular at the top |
Inclined linear crack | Right trapezoid | |
Vertical linear crack | Combined shape of linear, conical, and rectangular from top to bottom | |
Horizontal linear crack | Waterfall shape | |
Haunch | Point-like crack | Semicircular distribution, presenting a mountain-like shape as a whole, and the width of the seepage area increases with the flow rate |
Inclined linear crack | “Kettle” shape | |
Vertical linear crack | Combined shape of linear, conical, and rectangular from top to bottom | |
Horizontal linear crack | Waterfall shape |
