Table 6 Combustion and fuel injection characteristics of TBCE for different fuel samples and CR at peak engine load.

CR	Fuel Type	SOI °CA	SOC °CA	EOC °CA	ID °CA	CD °CA	CCP_max bar	θCCP_max °CA	R_max bar/°CA	θR_max °CA	MGT_max °C	θMGT_max °CA	HRR_max J/°CA	θHRR_max °CA	CHRR_max J	θCHRR_max °CA
16	B20	−24.88	−10	38	14.88	48	71.79	9	4.11	−3	1472.4	24	42.78	−2	1072.7	88
	B40	−23.64	−8.97	39.5	14.67	48.47	70.75	8	3.868	−3	1460.65	25	39.98	−2	1062	87
	B60	−23.8	−9.42	41	14.38	50.42	70.22	8	3.769	−3	1449.83	25	37.37	−3	1060.4	87
	B80	−24.35	−9.79	42.5	14.56	52.29	69.41	8	3.745	−3	1438.54	25	36.25	−2	1058.4	85
	B100	−24	−9.86	44.5	14.14	54.36	68.65	9	3.519	−4	1429.04	25	34.39	−2	1045.4	87
	DIESEL	−23.7	−8.26	37	15.44	45.26	73.01	8	4.975	−4	1478.8	24	45.60	−2	1080.2	90
17.5	B20	−22.36	−7.72	37	14.64	44.72	73.47	8	4.36	−5	1480.87	22	46.60	−1	1098.2	94
	B40	−21.7	−7.39	38.5	14.31	45.89	72.14	9	4.228	−4	1470.4	23	45.97	−1	1088.7	92
	B60	−22.24	−8.29	40	13.95	48.29	71.26	9	4.039	−4	1458.58	22	44.78	−1	1082.29	91
	B80	−22.18	−8.57	41	13.61	49.57	70.76	9	4.035	−3	1448.06	22	43.12	−1	1081.19	91
	B100	−22.6	−9.42	42.5	13.18	51.92	69.48	10	3.789	−4	1437.82	23	39.87	−2	1066.05	93
	DIESEL	−22.32	−7.44	36	14.88	43.44	74.78	8	5.225	−5	1487.32	22	47.97	−1	1107.9	93
19	B20	−22.04	−8.42	34	13.62	42.42	74.94	6	5.124	−6	1489.62	20	47.97	−1	1126.3	95
	B40	−22.28	−8.78	34.5	13.5	43.28	73.88	6	5.099	−6	1479.87	20	45.82	−1	1107.94	94
	B60	−21.86	−8.52	35.5	13.34	44.02	72.75	6	4.935	−6	1468.92	21	44.12	−2	1103	94
	B80	−21.68	−8.48	37	13.2	45.48	72.29	7	4.925	−6	1458.58	21	41.85	−3	1101.2	93
	B100	−21.43	−8.68	38	12.75	46.68	71.95	8	4.608	−5	1447.66	22	41.79	−2	1085.7	92
	DIESEL	−22.62	−8.66	33	13.96	41.66	76.58	6	5.445	−7	1497.87	20	49.62	−1	1136.5	97

CPmax: Maximum Combustion In-Cylinder Pressure, θCCPmax: Angle of Maximum Combustion In-Cylinder Pressure, Rmax: Maximum Pressure Rise Rate, θRmax: Angle of Maximum Pressure Rise Rate, MGTmax: Maximum Mean Gas Temperature, θMGTmax: Angle of Maximum Mean Gas Temperature, HRRmax: Maximum Heat Release Rate, θHRRmax: Angle of Maximum Heat Release Rate.

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