Table 6 Comparison of activation functions.

From: Computational optimization of 3D printed bone scaffolds using orthogonal array-driven FEA and neural network modeling

Activation Function

Output Variable

RMSE

R²

MAE

ReLU

Displacement (mm)

0.845

0.972

0.690

Strain (×10⁻2)

0.072

0.961

0.055

Tanh

Displacement (mm)

1.103

0.951

0.862

Strain (×10⁻2)

0.089

0.940

0.070

Sigmoid

Displacement (mm)

1.345

0.923

1.095

Strain (×10⁻2)

0.102

0.901

0.087

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