Table 48 Choice of blockchain type.

From: A hybrid deep learning model for detection and mitigation of DDoS attacks in VANETs

Criteria

Permissioned blockchain

Permissionless blockchain

Consensus delay

Low (< 300 ms with PBFT/Raft)

High (10–60 s with PoW)

Energy consumption

Low

High

Scalability

Moderate to High

Low to Moderate

Access control

Restricted (authorized RSUs & OBUs)

Open to all nodes

Suitability for VANET

Suitable for real-time use

High latency not acceptable