Table 6 Evaluation results across different target domains, illustrating performance under varying levels of domain shift.

From: Inspection of railway catenary systems using machine learning with domain knowledge integration

Test domain

Method

AP50

Recall

Precision

F1

Basic elements

Osielec 1+2 (training)

Met.1

52.19 (3.78)

67.48 (3.48)

50.96 (3.05)

54.80 (3.11)

Met.3+D+M

51.22 (4.17)

66.79 (3.96)

53.61 (4.13)

56.94 (3.22)

Osielec 3

Met.1

56.54 (5.39)

70.34 (5.75)

60.73 (2.93)

64.11 (4.50)

Met.3+D+M

55.03 (3.78)

67.84 (4.40)

60.65 (4.49)

63.25 (3.56)

Jeleśnia

Met.1

22.35 (3.80)

29.63 (4.70)

45.74 (14.65)

30.22 (4.85)

Met.3+D+M

19.44 (2.78)

24.44 (2.98)

48.13 (14.17)

28.56 (3.21)

Poronin

Met.1

59.14 (10.10)

68.74 (10.58)

61.83 (5.56)

64.76 (7.11)

Met.3+D+M

63.01 (6.37)

66.61 (5.60)

83.13 (8.91)

73.43 (4.96)

Small elements

Osielec 1+2 (training)

Met.1

23.27 (3.57)

47.88 (6.98)

20.48 (2.76)

27.76 (3.04)

Met.3+D+M

66.72 (5.35)

83.39 (3.50)

41.40 (5.45)

55.13 (5.59)

Osielec 3

Met.1

16.42 (2.13)

34.07 (4.20)

27.32 (3.58)

25.96 (3.68)

Met.3+D+M

57.92 (4.18)

76.85 (4.56)

52.51 (2.99)

62.09 (3.17)

Jeleśnia

Met.1

7.91 (1.68)

14.96 (2.76)

20.50 (11.30)

15.86 (2.75)

Met.3+D+M

19.52 (2.91)

22.86 (3.27)

64.11 (14.45)

30.56 (2.93)

Poronin

Met.1

11.94 (2.61)

21.50 (5.88)

18.79 (2.44)

19.24 (1.81)

Met.3+D+M

28.66 (4.43)

29.25 (4.41)

47.36 (1.63)

35.99 (3.61)