Table 3 Studies on the engineering of nanoparticles based on citrus phytochemicals for anticancer applications.

No	Species	Part	Nano	Size	Synthesis	Study	Control	Cell line	Dosage	Ref.
B1	C. aurantium	Pe	V-NP	80	GSy	CVB and IC₅₀	DOX	MCF-7	1.56–100 µg/mL	¹³
B2	C. limon	Jc	Ca₁₀(PO₄) ₆(OH)₂-NP	30	GSy	CVB	UCC	SH-SY5Y	5–800 µg/mL	¹⁴
B3	Citrus aurantiifolia, C. aurantium, and C. limon	Jc	Te-NP	101–150	GSy	CVB and IC₅₀	UCC	Melanoma	5–100 µg/mL	¹⁵
B4	C. limetta	Pe	Ag-NP	10.5	GSy	IC₅₀	CDOT	HeLa and MCF-7	5–200 µg/mL	⁴⁴
B5	C. sinensis	Pe	Ag-NP	30	GSy	CVB	UCC	DU-145	-	⁴⁵
B6	C. aurantium	Pe	CeO₂-NP	22.5	GSy	CVB	UCC	HeLa	10–125 µg/mL	³⁴
B7	Citrus unshiu	Pe	Ag-NP	23	GSy	IC₅₀	DOX	A-549	-	⁴⁶
B8	Citrus macroptera	Jc	Au-NP	-	GSy	CVB and IC₅₀	UCC	A-549, HepG2, and MDA-MB-468	0.03–0.3 µg/mL	¹⁶
B9	C. limetta	Pe	CdO-NP	46	GSy	CVB and IC₅₀	UCC and DOX	A-549	10–320 µg/mL	⁴⁰
B10	Citrus clementina	Pe	Ag-NP	17.5	GSy	CVB and IC₅₀	UCC and DOX	C6-Neural	20–200 µg/mL	⁴²

Part refers to the extracted parts of the citrus plant, including juice (Jc) and peel (Pe), and the size of the nanoparticles in nanometers (nm).
A-549, human lung cancer cell line; C6-Neural, murine glioma cancer cell line; CDOT, carbon dot of C. limetta; CVB, cancer cell viability (%); DOX, doxorubicin; DU-145, human prostate cancer cell line; EOC, extracted citrus phytochemical; GSy, green synthesized; HeLa, a human cervical cancer cell line; HepG2, human hepatoma cell line; MCF-7, Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (a human breast cancer cell line); MDA-MB-468, human breast cancer cell line; Melanoma, a type of skin cancer that originates from melanocytes; NaAlg, sodium alginate; NP, nanoparticle; Ref. reference; SH-SY5Y, a human neuroblastoma cancer cell line; UCC, untreated cancer cell.
Ag-NP, silver nanoparticles; Au-NP, gold nanoparticle; Ca₁₀(PO₄) ₆(OH)₂-NP, hydroxyapatite nanoparticle; CdO-NP, cadmium oxide nanoparticle; CeO₂-NP, cerium dioxide nanoparticle; Te-NP, tellurium nanoparticle; V-NP, vanadium nanoparticle.

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