Table 5 Antioxidant IC50 (µg/mL) values of citrus-mediated nanoformulations by citrus species, plant parts, nanoparticle types, sizes, coatings, and control types.

From: Antioxidant and anticancer properties of citrus-mediated nanoformulations revealed by meta-analysis

 

K

Effect size

Heterogeneity

FsN

d++ ± SE

P value

I2

P value

Species

      

C. aurantium

1

2.86 ± 1.16NRb.

-

-

-

2

C. latifolia

2

2.88 ± 2.58NRb.

0.265

89.7

0.002

14

C. limon

4

1.93 ± 2.24NRb.

0.39

87.9

< 0.001

5

C. sinensis

2

5 ± 4.52NRb.

0.268

88.2

0.004

6

Plant parts

      

Leaf

2

−0.77 ± 0.63NRb.

0.22

5.28

0.304

-

Peel

5

5.1 ± 2.13Rb.

0.016

84.1

< 0.001

63

Pomace

2

2.88 ± 2.58NRb.

0.265

89.7

0.002

14

Nanoparticle types

      

Ag-NP

2

−0.77 ± 0.63NRb.

0.22

5.28

0.304

-

Lime-NPE

2

4.67 ± 4.4NRb.

0.289

90.3

0.001

2

Lipid-NPE

2

5 ± 4.52NRb.

0.268

88.2

0.004

6

Luminescent-NPC

2

2.88 ± 2.58NRb.

0.265

89.7

0.002

14

Zn-NP

1

2.86 ± 1.16NRb.

-

-

-

-

Sizes (nm)

      

1–50

5

1.99 ± 1.65NRb.

0.229

86.2

< 0.001

14

101–500

4

7.19 ± 3.76Rb.

0.056

88

< 0.001

42

Coatings

      

Citrus extract

3

0.29 ± 1.15NRb.

0.803

77

0.013

-

Lipid

2

5 ± 4.52NRb.

0.268

88.2

0.004

6

Polyvinyl alcohol

4

1.37 ± 0.54Rb.

0.011

85.2

< 0.001

61

Control types

      

Ascorbic acid

3

1.17 ± 5.6Rb.

0.037

81.6

0.004

34

BHT

2

1.22 ± 1.53NRb.

0.427

78.6

0.031

-

C. limon

1

−1.47 ± 0.92NRb.

-

-

-

-

Quercetin

2

2.88 ± 2.58NRb.

0.265

89.7

0.002

14

Trolox

1

0.91 ± 0.86NRb.

-

-

-

-

  1. The FsN value is considered robust (Rb.) if FsN ≥ 5k + 10, otherwise not robust (NRb.).
  2. BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene; d++, Hedges’ mean difference; FsN, fail-safe N; I2 heterogeneity derived from Cochran’s value; N, number of studies; NP, nanoparticle; NPC, nanocomposite; NPE, nanoemulsion; SE, standard error; Trolox, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid.
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