Table 7 Anticancer IC₅₀ (µg/mL) values of citrus-mediated nanoformulations by citrus species, plant parts, nanoparticle types, sizes, coating, control types, cancer cell lines, and cancer types.

	k	Effect size		Heterogeneity		FsN
	k	d₊₊ ± SE	P value	I²	P Value	FsN
Species
C. aurantiifolia	1	2.26 ± 0.66^NRb.	-	-	-	4
C. aurantium	2	1.27 ± 0.87^NRb.	0.144	85	0.01	14
C. clementina	1	1.22 ± 0.36^NRb.	-	-	-	4
C. limetta	5	−1.01 ± 0.71^NRb.	0.158	90.9	< 0.001	23
C. limon	1	2.26 ± 0.66^NRb.	-	-	-	4
C. macroptera	3	2.25 ± 0.38^Rb.	< 0.001	-	0.999	37
C. unshiu	1	1.16 ± 0.33^NRb.	-	-	-	4
Plant parts
Juice	6	2.26 ± 0.27^Rb.	< 0.001	-	1	152
Peel	8	−1.71 ± 4.1^NRb.	0.676	91.6	< 0.001	-
Nanoparticles
CdO-NP	1	1.93 ± 0.56^NRb.	-	-	-	4
Au-NP	3	2.25 ± 0.38^Rb.	< 0.001	-	0.999	37
Ag-NP	6	−6.73 ± 6.68^NRb.	0.314	91.3	< 0.001	5
Te-NP	3	2.26 ± 0.38^Rb.	< 0.001	-	1	37
V-NP	1	5.06 ± 1.67^NRb.	-	-	-	3
Sizes (nm)
1–50	10	5.56 ± 5.37^NRb.	0.3	91.8	< 0.001	17
51–100	1	5.06 ± 1.67^NRb.	-	-	-	3
101–500	3	2.26 ± 0.38^Rb.	< 0.001	-	1	37
Coating
Citrus extract	14	8.77 ± 3.57^Rb.	0.014	91.2	< 0.001	162
Control types
CDOT	4	−1.8 ± 0.78^Rb.	0.025	89.6	< 0.001	51
Doxorubicin	4	1.4 ± 0.58^Rb.	0.012	83.9	< 0.001	62
UCC	6	2.3 ± 0.27^Rb.	< 0.001	-	1	152
Cancer cell lines
A-549	3	2.9 ± 0.11^Rb.	0.007	75.3	0.017	37
C6-Neural	1	1.2 ± 0.4^NRb.	-	-	-	4
HeLa	2	−2.4 ± 0.5^NRb.	< 0.001	-	0.444	16
HepG2	1	2.3 ± 0.66^NRb.	-	-	-	4
MCF-7	3	−3.2 ± 0.4^NRb.	0.428	91.7	< 0.001	-
MDA-MB-468	1	2.2 ± 0.65^NRb.	-	-	-	4
Melanoma	3	2.3 ± 0.38^Rb.	< 0.001	-	1	37
Cancer types
Breast	4	1.1 ± 0.42^NRb.	0.806	91.7	< 0.001	-
Cervix	2	−2.4 ± 5^NRb.	< 0.001	-	0.444	16
Liver	1	2.3 ± 0.6^NRb.	-	-	-	4
Lung	3	2.9 ± 1.1^Rb.	0.007	75.3	0.018	37
Nerve	1	1.2 ± 0.36^NRb.	-	-	-	4
Skin	3	2.3 ± 0.38^Rb.	< 0.001	-	1	37

The FsN value is considered robust (Rb.) if FsN ≥ 5k + 10, otherwise not robust (NRb.).
A-549, human lung cancer cell line; C6-Neural, murine glioma cancer cell line; CDOT, carbon dot of C. limetta; d₊₊, Hedges’ mean difference; FsN, fail-safe N; HeLa, a human cervical cancer cell line; HepG2, human hepatoma cell line; I²heterogeneity derived from Cochran’s value; MCF-7, Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (a human breast cancer cell line); MDA-MB-468, human breast cancer cell line; Melanoma, a type of skin cancer that originates from melanocytes; N, number of studies; NP, nanoparticle; NPC, nanocomposite; NPE, nanoemulsion; SE, standard error; UCC, untreated cancer cell.

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