Fig. 13

Model comparison with existing models in Taylor’s diagram illustrating the comparative performance of various models in predicting unconfined compressive strength (UCS). Model’s proximity to the reference point highlights its effectiveness in replicating both the strength and variability of experimental data. A: Composite XGBoost, B: Simple XGBoost, C: Davoodi et al.45, D: Kolawole et al.46, E: Mollaei et al.47.