Fig. 3

Metabolomic landscape profile in the left ventricle. (a) HMDB categorization of identified metabolites in the dataset. (b) KEGG pathway categorization of identified metabolites in the dataset. (c) Venn diagram of overlapping DAMs. (d) Volcano plot of DAMs between SHRs and WKY rats (left), and between OMT-treated SHRs and untreated SHRs (right), highlighting significant up- (red) and downregulated (green) metabolites. (e) Cluster heatmap of the DAMs in the rat left ventricle of WKY, SHR and SHR + OMT groups. Red represents up-regulated metabolites, blue represents down-regulated metabolites. (f, h) Top KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of DAMs in SHRs vs. WKY rats (f) and SHR + OMT vs. SHRs (h). (g, i) Pathway score chart of DAMs enriched pathways in SHRs vs. WKY rats (g) and SHR + OMT vs. SHRs (i), highlighting significant up- (red) and down- (green) regulated pathways. (j) Venn diagram of overlapping KEGG pathways. DAMs: Differentially abundant metabolites; HMDB: Human Metabolome Database; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; OMT: Oxymatrine; SHRs: Spontaneously hypertensive rats; WKY: Wistar-Kyoto rats.