Fig. 1

Principal component analysis of different drains and wells based on physical and chemical variables, W: (Wells, 1–17), D (Drains 1–3), DO (Dissolved Oxygen), BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), SiO2-Si (Reactive silicate), HCO3− (Bicarbonate alkalinity), NO3−-N (Nitrate), NH4+-N (ammonium), Turb. (Turbidity), NO2−-N (Nitrite), Temp (Temperature), PO4-P (orthophosphate), Cl− (Chloride), TDS (Total Dissolved Solids), Na+ (Sodium), K+ (Potassium), EC (Electrical conductivity), TP-P (Total phosphorus), Mg+ 2 (Magnesium).