Fig. 4

PLS-DA and pathway enrichment analysis, investigating metabolic alterations across different experimental conditions. (a) PLS-DA depicting the top 10 important metabolites in spectra post radiation exposure-several metabolites, including ethylmethylacetic acid, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid, argininosuccinic acid, resolvin D5, neuroprotectin, phosphorylcholine, and 3-methylthiopropanoic acid, exhibit high VIP scores; (b) Bar graph depicting enrichment values of the top significantly altered pathways after radiation exposure- alpha linolenic and linoleic acid metabolism, aspartate metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, and the urea cycle show significant enrichment (c) PLS-DA depicting the top 10 important metabolites in spectra post malathion exposure-ethylmethylacetic acid, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid, neuroprotectin, ubiquinone-2, resolvin D5, phosphorylcholine, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, MG(0:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)/0:0), pyroglutamic acid, and L-proline show high VIP scores; (d) Bar graph depicting enrichment values of the top significantly altered pathways after malathion exposure-phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, phospholipid biosynthesis, sphingolipid metabolism, and methionine metabolism were significantly enriched; (e) PLS-DA depicting the top 10 important metabolites in spectra post co-exposure-uracil, arachidonic acid, ethylmethylacetic acid, monomenthyl succinate, 9-hexadecenoylcarnitine, guanine, polyoxyethylene (600) monoricinoleate, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, tetradecanoylcarnitine, and 25-hydroxytachysterol3 show high VIP scores; (f) Bar graph depicting enrichment values of the top significantly altered pathways after co-exposure-phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, alpha linolenic and linoleic acid metabolism, carnitine synthesis, beta-alanine metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, bile acid biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism, and purine metabolism were significantly enriched.