Fig. 7

Schematic illustration of the hippocampal metabolomic and cellular alterations in mice exposed to low-dose radiation and malathion (isolated and combined) exposure. Isolated and co-exposure of low dose malathion and radiation lead to dysregulation in amino acid, lipid, and steroid metabolism pathways. These metabolomic disruptions lead to redox imbalance, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, gliosis, and altered cellular signaling. These responses can collectively result in long-term functional impairments such as reduced exploratory behavior.