Figure 6

Validation of the electrochemical model under dynamic pulse profiles at different ambient temperatures. Subfigures (a,c,e) show the applied current profiles at 0\(^{\circ }\hbox {C}\), 40\(^{\circ }\hbox {C}\), and \(-10^{\circ }\hbox {C}\), respectively. Subfigures (b,d,f) compare the simulated voltage response from the SPM with experimental data at the corresponding temperatures.