Table 3 Associated factors with presence of respiratory symptom.

From: Respiratory tract infections at the Grand Magal de Touba: a seven-year study

Associated factors

No symptom

Symptom

Univariable analysis

Multivariable analysis (Model 1)

Multivariable analysis (Model 2)*

n (%)

n (%)

Crude OR [95%CI]

p-value

OR [95%CI]

p-value

Adjusted OR [95%CI]

p-value

Age

0–15

83 (20.0)

331 (80.0)

Reference

   

Reference

 

16–45

199 (39.0)

311 (61.0)

0.39 [0.29–0.53]

< 0.001

  

0.73 [0.51–1.03]

0.08

> 45

45 (34.4)

86 (65.6)

0.48 [0.31–0.74]

0.001

  

0.90 [0.55–1.48]

0.69

Male gender

176 (36.6)

305 (63.4)

0.61 [0.47–0.79]

< 0.001

  

0.58 [0.43–0.77]

< 0.001

Influenza A

1 (0.7)

139 (99.3)

75.75 [10.55–544.08]

< 0.001

53.97 [7.41–393.18]

< 0.001

53.34 [7.30–389.42]

< 0.001

Influenza B

1 (3.8)

25 (96.2)

      

Respiratory syncytial virus

0 (0)

66 (100)

      

Metapneumovirus

0 (0)

13 (100)

      

Adenovirus

4 (25.0)

12 (75.0)

      

Endemic coronaviruses

14 (29.8)

33 (70.2)

      

SARS-CoV-2

(N = 741)

5 (35.7)

9 (64.3)

      

Virus co-infection

2 (7.1)

26 (92.9)

      

Human rhinovirus

22 (21.4)

81 (78.6)

1.71 [1.05–2.80]

0.03

1.01 [0.54–1.89]

0.98

1.13 [0.60–2.12]

0.70

Haemophilus spp.

149 (26.3)

418 (73.7)

1.56 [1.20–2.03]

0.001

1.03 [0.72–1.47]

0.87

1.03 [0.72–1.49]

0.86

S. pneumoniae

64 (17.5)

301

(82.5)

2.83

[2.08–3.86]

< 0.001

1.90

[1.22–2.94]

0.004

1.90

[1.22–2.98]

0.01

S. aureus

94 (32.6)

194 (67.4)

0.89 [0.66–1.18]

0.41

0.94 [0.63–1.40]

0.75

0.94 [0.63–1.42]

0.78

K. pneumoniae

62 (48.8)

65 (51.2)

0.41 [0.28–0.60]

< 0.001

0.53 [0.34–0.83]

0.006

0.58 [0.36–0.92]

0.02

M. catarrhalis

45 (16.4)

230 (83.6)

2.84 [2.01–4.04]

< 0.001

1.77 [1.14–2.75]

0.01

1.62 [1.03–2.55]

0.04

B. pertussis

0 (0)

1

(100)

      

M. pneumoniae

0 (0)

0 (0)

      

Bacteria co-infection

121 (24.0)

383 (76.0)

1.84 [1.41–2.40]

< 0.001

1.14 [0.65–2.01]

0.64

1.10 [0.62–1.96]

0.74

Virus-bacteria co-infection

40 (12.0)

294 (88.0)

4.76 [3.31–6.83]

< 0.001

2.69 [1.69–4.29]

< 0.001

2.61 [1.62–4.20]

< 0.001

  1. *Model 2: adjusted for age and gender of pilgrims.
  2. Influenza B, respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, adenovirus, human coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2, virus co-infection, Bordetella pertussis, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae were not included in the analysis because of low prevalence.
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