Table 4 Associated factors with severity of disease (consulting for respiratory symptom).

From: Respiratory tract infections at the Grand Magal de Touba: a seven-year study

Associated factors

No-severe disease

Severe disease

Univariable analysis

Multivariable analysis (Model 1)

Multivariable analysis (Model 2)*

n (%)

n (%)

Crude OR [95%CI]

p-value

OR [95%CI]

p-value

Adjusted OR [95%CI]

p-value

Age

0–15

99 (29.9)

232 (70.1)

Reference

   

Reference

 

16–45

161 (51.8)

150 (48.2)

0.40

[0.29–0.55]

< 0.001

  

0.64 [0.42–0.97]

0.04

> 45

37 (43.0)

49 (57.0)

0.57 [0.35–0.92]

0.02

  

1.34 [0.72–2.49]

0.36

Male gender

124 (40.7)

181 (59.3)

0.98 [0.73–1.33]

0.92

  

0.89 [0.62–1.28]

0.54

Influenza A

10 (7.2)

129 (92.8)

11.91 [6.14–23.11]

< 0.001

7.81 [3.80–16.04]

< 0.001

8.08 [3.90–16.73]

< 0.001

Influenza B

1 (4.0)

24 (96.0)

      

Respiratory syncytial virus

3 (4.6)

63 (95.4)

      

Metapneumovirus

2 (15.4)

11 (84.6)

      

Adenovirus

4 (33.3)

8 (66.7)

      

Endemic coronaviruses

24 (72.7)

9 (27.3)

      

SARS-CoV-2

(N = 413)

6 (66.7)

3 (33.3)

      

Virus co-infection

10 (38.5)

16 (61.5)

      

Human rhinovirus

42 (51.8)

39 (48.2)

0.59 [0.37–0.94]

0.03

0.40 [0.21–0.75]

0.004

0.40 [0.21–0.75]

0.004

Haemophilus spp.

146 (34.9)

272 (65.1)

1.68 [1.24–2.26]

0.001

1.40 [0.88–2.20]

0.15

1.48 [0.93–2.38]

0.10

S. pneumoniae

96 (31.9)

205 (68.1)

1.83 [1.35–2.48]

< 0.001

1.50 [0.89–2.52]

0.13

1.50 [0.88–2.55]

0.14

S. aureus

93 (47.9)

101 (52.1)

0.65 [0.47–0.91]

0.01

0.93 [0.58–1.50]

0.78

0.92 [0.56–1.48]

0.72

K. pneumoniae

60 (92.3)

5 (7.7)

0.04 [0.02–0.11]

< 0.001

0.07 [0.03–0.19]

< 0.001

0.07 [0.03–0.19]

< 0.001

M. catarrhalis

57 (24.8)

173 (75.2)

2.73 [1.93–3.86]

< 0.001

2.82 [1.75–4.53]

< 0.001

2.57 [1.56–4.22]

< 0.001

B. pertussis

0 (0)

1 (100)

      

M. pneumoniae

0 (0)

0 (0)

      

Bacteria co-infection

147 (38.4)

236 (61.6)

1.18 [0.88–1.59]

0.26

0.58 [0.29–1.17]

0.13

0.54 [0.26–1.11]

0.10

Virus-bacteria co-infection

69 (23.5)

225 (76.5)

3.46 [2.49–4.80]

< 0.001

2.85 [1.77–4.59]

< 0.001

2.83 [1.74–4.61]

< 0.001

  1. *Model 2: adjusted for age and gender of pilgrims.
  2. Influenza B, respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, adenovirus, endemic coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2, virus co-infection, Bordetella pertussis, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae were not included in the analysis because of low prevalence.
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