Table 20 EOBAVO’s findings for the compression or tension spring problem.

From: An enhanced opposition-based African vulture optimizer for solving engineering design problems and global optimization

Algorithm

Variables optimal values

Optimum weight

d

D

K

EOBAVO

3.051E−01

3.600E−01

1.195E+01

4.675E−01

ROBAVO

1.640E+00

5.977E−01

4.265E+00

1.007E+01

OBAVO

3.917E−01

1.034E+00

1.048E+01

1.981E+00

AVO

8.888E−01

8.942E−01

1.389E+01

1.122E+01

PSO

8.088E−01

9.151E−01

1.007E+01

7.223E+00

SSA

1.630E+00

1.277E+00

2.581E+00

1.553E+01

SCA

6.114E−01

6.769E−01

1.487E+01

4.270E+00

WOA

1.650E+00

6.538E−01

6.946E+00

1.592E+01

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