Table 6 IEEE CEC2005 benchmark function results for SCA, PSO, SSA, WOA, and EOBAVO (the top results are in Bold).

From: An enhanced opposition-based African vulture optimizer for solving engineering design problems and global optimization

Fun

EOBAVO

SCA

PSO

SSA

WOA

Avg

Std

Avg

Std

Avg

Std

Avg

Std

Avg

Std

F1

0.00E+00

0.00E+00

9.25E−12

3.29E−11

1.90E−107

1.10E−106

3.96E−07

8.64E−07

2.53E−16

9.67E−17

F2

1.85E−256

0.00E+00

4.42E−09

1.54E−08

2.93E−57

1.26E−56

9.05E−02

4.51E−01

5.57E−02

1.94E−01

F3

0.00E+00

0.00E+00

4.50E−02

1.68E−01

7.24E−78

3.89E−77

1.76E−06

5.49E−06

8.97E+02

3.19E+02

F4

7.40E−263

0.00E+00

1.22E−03

2.59E−03

8.51E−49

2.19E−48

6.36E−05

2.17E−04

7.35E+00

1.74E+00

F5

3.75E−05

2.83E−05

7.95E+00

2.55E+00

2.77E+01

7.62E−01

9.47E+01

1.45E+02

6.75E+01

6.22E+01

F6

3.54E−07

3.27E−07

4.94E−01

1.53E−01

2.77E−01

1.83E−01

1.20E−09

4.41E−10

2.50E−16

1.74E−16

F7

1.16E−04

9.45E−05

3.54E−03

2.82E−03

8.50E−04

8.02E−04

1.35E−02

6.78E−03

8.94E−02

4.34E−02

F8

− 1.24E+04

3.44E+02

− 2.15E+03

1.65E+02

− 6.81E+03

9.72E+02

− 2.67E+03

3.71E+02

−2.81E+03

3.93E+02

F9

0.00E+00

0.00E+00

7.47E−01

2.80E+00

0.00E+00

0.00E+00

1.59E+01

6.70E+00

2.60E+01

7.47E+00

F10

4.44E−16

3.01E−31

7.15E−07

2.18E−06

8.88E−16

1.00E−31

9.59E−01

8.74E−01

6.21E−02

2.36E−01

F11

0.00E+00

0.00E+00

6.71E−02

1.24E−01

0.00E+00

0.00E+00

1.99E−01

1.28E−01

2.77E+01

5.04E+00

F12

1.94E−08

1.36E−08

1.00E−01

2.69E−02

1.28E−02

2.09E−02

6.53E−01

9.09E−01

1.80E+00

9.51E−01

F13

3.89E−08

3.30E−08

3.30E−01

8.80E−02

1.26E+00

5.72E−01

5.17E−02

5.80E−03

8.90E+00

7.13E+00

F14

1.13E+00

5.03E−01

1.60E+00

9.23E−01

1.91E+00

2.01E+00

1.22E+00

6.73E−01

5.86E+00

3.83E+00

F15

3.33E−04

8.33E−05

1.04E−03

3.65E−04

1.94E−03

5.33E−03

5.17E−03

9.32E−03

3.67E−03

1.65E−03

F16

− 1.04E+00

0.00E+00

− 1.02E+00

4.87E−05

−1.02E+00

1.07E−08

− 1.03E+00

2.76E−14

− 1.03E+00

4.88E−16

F17

3.97E−01

1.12E−16

4.00E−01

2.35E−03

3.97E−01

1.13E−16

3.97E−01

1.35E−14

3.97E−01

0.00E+00

F18

3.01E+00

3.06E−06

3.01E+00

4.70E−05

3.01E+00

8.35E−15

3.01E+00

1.91E−13

3.01E+00

4.17E−15

F19

− 3.87E+00

2.53E−12

− 3.85E+00

2.29E−03

− 3.86E+00

4.05E−15

− 3.86E+00

4.07E−10

− 3.86E+00

2.29E−15

F20

− 3.30E+00

4.51E−02

− 2.85E+00

3.73E−01

− 3.26E+00

6.05E−02

− 3.21E+00

5.68E−02

− 3.32E+00

2.31E−02

F21

− 1.01E+01

5.29E−13

− 2.20E+00

1.86E+00

− 8.05E+00

2.89E+00

− 7.73E+00

3.12E+00

− 5.96E+00

3.74E+00

F22

− 1.04E+01

3.20E−12

− 3.18E+00

1.82E+00

− 9.60E+00

2.09E+00

− 7.56E+00

3.39E+00

− 9.68E+00

2.01E+00

F23

− 1.05E+01

4.56E−13

− 3.33E+00

1.73E+00

− 9.54E+00

2.58E+00

− 7.60E+00

3.51E+00

− 1.05E+01

2.60E−15