Table 3 Structured comparison of the five competitive forces in the natural stone and ceramic tile industries.

From: Multidimensional assessment of sustainability and competitiveness in the ceramic tile and natural stone industries: a cross-country comparative study

Competitive force

Natural stone

Ceramic tile

Threat of new entrants

Moderate - requires specific quarrying equipment and permits

High-technology is accessible, many new producers.

Bargaining power of suppliers

High - few local suppliers, location-dependent materials.

Moderate - global supply chains provide flexibility.

Bargaining power of buyers

High-price-sensitive market with many alternatives.

High - highly competitive and commoditized market.

Threat of substitutes

High-composite materials and engineered stones.

High - alternatives like vinyl, laminate flooring.

Industry rivalry

Moderate - traditional market with moderate competition.

Very high - intense global competition and price wars.