Table 7 Comparative organizational structure of the two industries.

Dominant ownership type

Fragmented ownership across private quarries and traditional workshops

Large-scale industrial corporations, often publicly traded or export-oriented

Supply chain integration

Disconnected-extraction, processing, and sales often operate separately

Highly integrated - from raw materials to final product distribution

Productivity level

Generally low, due to outdated equipment and lack of standardization

Relatively high, driven by automation and quality control systems

Organizational formality

Informal and tradition-driven, often lacking strategic governance

Formalized structures with professional quality and R&D departments

Technology adaptability

Low-resistance to innovation due to cultural and infrastructural barriers

High-proactive in adopting smart manufacturing and digitalization