Fig. 2

Metabolomics analysis of the E. coli (8 h) infected group vs. the control group. (a) Boxplot of normalized metabolite expression for control (blue) and E. coli-infected (red) samples. (b) Circular plot of metabolite class distribution. (c) Volcano plot displaying differentially expressed metabolites. (d) Boxplots comparing normalized expression of selected metabolites in both groups. (e) Heatmap of the top 20 differentially expressed metabolites between groups. (f) PCA plot showing separation between control and infected groups.