Table 1 Classification of battery faults.
From: An intelligent fault detection (IFD) system for lithium-ion battery using machine learning approach
Category | Fault type | Easy to detect | Hard to detect |
|---|---|---|---|
Electrical | Short circuit | \(\checkmark\) | ✗ |
Internal short | ✗ | \(\checkmark\) | |
Capacity fade | ✗ | \(\checkmark\) | |
Self-discharge | ✗ | \(\checkmark\) | |
Under voltage | ✗ | \(\checkmark\) | |
Over voltage | ✗ | \(\checkmark\) | |
Thermal | Over-temperature | \(\checkmark\) | ✗ |
Thermal runaway | ✗ | \(\checkmark\) | |
Under-temperature | \(\checkmark\) | ✗ | |
Mechanical | Sensor fault | \(\checkmark\) | ✗ |
Physical damage | ✗ | \(\checkmark\) |
