Table 9 Comparative performance of simulated vs. real-world system deployment. Metrics include inference latency, cleaning efficiency, and mean time-to-recovery (MTTR).

From: AI-Integrated autonomous robotics for solar panel cleaning and predictive maintenance using drone and ground-based systems

Metric

Simulated

Real World (Field)

Inference Latency (Edge)

45.8 ± 3.7 ms

47.2 ± 4.1 ms

Cleaning Efficiency

91.30%

92.30%

Fault Detection Accuracy

90.10%

91.80%

Recovery Time (MTTR)

2.6 s

2.3 s

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