Table 5 Definition of SILC classes.

Permanent Water Body

Areas are consistently classified as water in all three seasons of the year. These are perennial wetlands or water bodies, including rivers, lakes, ponds, and perennial wetlands with year-round water presence (e.g., code 111).

Seasonal Wetland Vegetation

Wetland areas that exhibit seasonal vegetation growth, typically submerged or waterlogged during monsoon and vegetated during dry seasons (e.g., codes 112, 114, 124, 141).

Mixed Water

Transitional zones that alter between water and other LC classes (bare land, vegetation, impervious surface) across seasons, often found along riverbanks, wetlands, or drainage channels (e.g., codes 123, 134, 421).

Seasonal Bare Land

Areas classified as bare land in one or more seasons but not consistently, often representing fallow lands, construction sites, or exposed soil surfaces that change across the seasons (e.g., codes 133, 144, 424, 444).

Seasonal Dry-land Vegetation

Areas covered by agricultural fields, grasslands, or dry open spaces that are green and vegetated only during part of the year (typically winter or post-monsoon), turning brown or bare during summer (e.g., codes 211, 221, 422).

Mixed Vegetation

Areas that alter between different vegetation states across seasons, such as areas with partial tree cover, rooftop gardening, and deciduous trees along or over the impervious surfaces (e.g., codes 213, 231, 234, 243).

Permanent Vegetation

Areas remain densely vegetated across the year, including forests, planted social forestation, urban parks, urban green spaces and perennial green cover (e.g., code 222).

Seasonal Built-up

Urban or semi-urban areas that exhibit built-up characteristics during one or two seasons, potentially due to temporary structures, changing land use, or urban shadowing (e.g., codes 313, 331, 334, 433).

Mixed Urban

Pixels that fluctuate between built-up and other classes (e.g., vegetation, bare land) across seasons. These are typically fringe or transforming zones undergoing rapid urbanisation (e.g., codes 321, 324, 341, 431).

Permanent Built-up

Areas that are consistently classified as built-up in all three seasons, including dense urban settlements, commercial zones, roads, and infrastructure (e.g., code 333).

Permanent Bare Land

Lands that remain bare and devoid of vegetation or built-up features throughout the year, often representing barren land, dry patches, or exposed soil (e.g., code 444).