Fig. 1

Impact of L. nepetifolia leaf essential oil (LNLEO) on viability and morphology of RAW 264.7 cells. RAW 264.7 cells (2 × 10⁵ cells/mL) propagated in a 96-well plate were exposed to varying doses of LNLEO (12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL) for 24 h, and the cytotoxicity levels of LNLEO were assessed by MTT assay. Each experimental value is shown as the mean ± SD from three independent trials (n = 3). The statistical significance of data across the groups was assessed employing One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparison tests. Significance levels are indicated as ^#p < 0.001 for comparisons between the untreated and LPS-treated group, and ^nsp > 0.5, ^*p < 0.05, ^***p < 0.001 for comparison between the LPS-treated and LNLEO-treated group.