Table 5 Trend statistics for annual and seasonal water chemistry, hydrological and meteorological parameters.

From: Transformation of water chemistry in the Stara River under climate and land use changes in the Carpathians

Parameter	Year				Autumn				Summer				Spring				Winter				Non-growing				Growing
Parameter	S	p	trend	Slope	S	p	trend	Slope	S	p	trend	Slope	S	p	trend	Slope	S	p	trend	Slope	S	p	trend	Slope	S	p	trend	Slope
pH	−86	0.010	↓	−0.005	−56	0.097	•	−0.006	−100	0.003	↓	−0.008	−44	0.194	•	−0.005	−8	0.833	•	−0.001	−20	0.566	•	−0.002	−98	0.003	↓	−0.009
EC	26	0.450	•	1.664	−14	0.695	•	−0.513	72	0.032	↑	4.181	24	0.487	•	1.125	−2	0.976	•	−0.044	16	0.651	•	0.704	50	0.139	•	2.305
TSS	−13	0.675	•	−2.464	27	0.363	•	1.122	−9	0.780	•	−0.891	−11	0.726	•	−0.663	23	0.441	•	1.411	−41	0.162	•	−1.451	15	0.624	•	1.334
TDS	62	0.065	•	3.713	6	0.880	•	0.690	98	0.003	↑	5.705	68	0.043	↑	3.785	52	0.124	•	2.295	68	0.043	↑	2.870	70	0.037	↑	4.250
Ca²⁺	108	0.001	↑	0.621	18	0.608	•	0.183	106	0.002	↑	0.782	126	0.000	↑	0.817	84	0.012	↑	0.493	100	0.003	↑	0.622	98	0.003	↑	0.592
Mg²⁺	−34	0.319	•	−0.055	−62	0.065	•	−0.181	18	0.608	•	0.028	−2	0.976	•	−0.015	−56	0.097	•	−0.133	−50	0.139	•	−0.068	−24	0.487	•	−0.048
Na⁺	88	0.009	↑	0.438	32	0.349	•	0.250	82	0.014	↑	0.561	76	0.024	↑	0.315	82	0.014	↑	0.272	88	0.009	↑	0.332	64	0.057	•	0.487
K⁺	−38	0.264	•	−0.052	−28	0.415	•	−0.098	0	1.000	•	−0.001	−78	0.020	↓	−0.079	−14	0.695	•	−0.023	−20	0.566	•	−0.035	−16	0.651	•	−0.028
NH₄⁺	31	0.364	•	0.001	19	0.586	•	0.000	−24	0.486	•	−0.0004	23	0.506	•	0.0001	45	0.183	•	0.002	45	0.183	•	0.003	19	0.586	•	0.000
HCO₃⁻	84	0.012	↑	2.370	26	0.450	•	0.628	90	0.007	↑	3.054	90	0.007	↑	3.503	92	0.006	↑	2.564	98	0.003	↑	2.689	70	0.037	↑	1.986
SO₄²⁻	−74	0.027	↓	−0.577	−72	0.032	↓	−0.751	−60	0.075	•	−0.514	−48	0.156	•	−0.619	−80	0.017	↓	−0.656	−60	0.075	•	−0.426	−66	0.050	↓	−0.461
Cl⁻	102	0.002	↑	0.573	44	0.194	•	0.361	104	0.002	↑	0.792	80	0.017	↑	0.524	88	0.009	↑	0.627	108	0.001	↑	0.540	82	0.014	↑	0.644
NO₃⁻	7	0.856	•	0.018	33	0.333	•	0.107	83	0.013	↑	0.355	−29	0.397	•	−0.135	35	0.304	•	0.189	1	1.000	•	0.000	51	0.130	•	0.186
NO₂⁻	62	0.065	•	0.002	87	0.007	↑	0.000	10	0.772	•	0.000	64	0.054	•	0.000	77	0.018	↑	0.000	39	0.243	•	0.001	54	0.108	•	0.002
PO₄³⁻	38	0.262	•	0.005	45	0.181	•	0.001	64	0.056	•	0.017	40	0.237	•	0.001	42	0.209	•	0.000	17	0.627	•	0.000	49	0.147	•	0.009
TIN	13	0.717	•	0.007	43	0.204	•	0.031	73	0.029	↑	0.084	−32	0.347	•	−0.036	31	0.364	•	0.036	1	1.000	•	0.000	63	0.061	•	0.048
PP	40	0.239	•	6.620	42	0.216	•	3.648	−4	0.928	•	−1.007	22	0.526	•	1.942	52	0.124	•	1.458	30	0.381	•	1.947	48	0.156	•	4.208
AvgTA	94	0.005	↑	0.086	66	0.050	↑	0.053	72	0.032	↑	0.054	4	0.928	•	0.005	82	0.014	↑	0.190	96	0.004	↑	0.141	34	0.319	•	0.018
MaxTA	102	0.002	↑	0.096	66	0.050	↑	0.068	74	0.027	↑	0.073	14	0.695	•	0.036	82	0.014	↑	0.139	104	0.002	↑	0.148	22	0.526	•	0.020
MinTA	72	0.032	↑	0.057	52	0.124	•	0.043	12	0.740	•	0.008	−32	0.349	•	−0.034	72	0.032	↑	0.167	74	0.027	↑	0.110	−16	0.651	•	−0.012
Q	−38	0.264	•	−0.003	32	0.349	•	0.001	−28	0.415	•	−0.001	−54	0.110	•	−0.007	−14	0.695	•	−0.001	−56	0.097	•	−0.004	−24	0.487	•	−0.002

S – Mann-Kendall S statistic, Slope – Sen’s slope estimator, p – significance level, ↓– deacreasing trend, ↑ – increasing trend, • – no trend. Statistically significant trends (p = 0.05) are highlighted in bold.

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Table 5 Trend statistics for annual and seasonal water chemistry, hydrological and meteorological parameters.

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