Fig. 8

The proposed N-BEATS model forecasts for (a) 5MPa, (b) 15MPa, (c) 25MPa, and (d) 35MPa, respectively, MSTL creep data of axial strain data, whereas the axial strain is in milli-strain and the time stamp is in hours. The best prediction performance was achieved using evaluation metrics such as RMSE, MAE, MAPE (%), and SMAPE (%).