Table 1 Characteristics of the study populations.

From: Sociodemographic determinants and temporal variability of blood lead levels (2003–2019) in a pooled analysis of nine studies in four European countries

 

Spain

Germany

Czech Republic

 

BIOAMBIENT.ES

ESB

GerES_IV

GerES_V

SZU

 

Mean

 

SD*

Missing data (%)

Mean

 

SD*

Missing data (%)

Mean

 

SD*

Missing data (%)

Mean

 

SD*

Missing data (%)

Mean

 

SD*

Missing data (%)

Age (years) (whole population)

38.1

±

9.5

0.6

23.9

±

2.4

0.0

8.8

±

3.4

0.0

10.5

±

4.1

0.0

25.0

±

15.3

0.0

Children (≤12 years)

-

±

-

 

-

±

-

 

7.8

±

2.8

 

8.1

±

3.0

 

8.4

±

1.7

 

Teenagers (13-17 years)

-

±

-

 

-

±

-

 

13.5

±

0.5

 

15.1

±

1.3

 

13.0

±

-

 

Adults (≥18 years)

38.1

±

9.5

 

23.9

±

2.4

 

-

±

-

 

-

±

-

 

35.8

±

9.4

 

Pb concentrations (μg/L)

27.2

±

17.5

0.0

13.1

±

6.7

0.0

18.7

±

9.1

0.3

10.7

±

6.6

0.1

26.1

±

19.3

0.4

 

N

 

%

Missing data (%)

N

 

%

Missing data (%)

N

 

%

Missing data (%)

N

 

%

Missing data (%)

N

 

%

Missing data (%)

Sampling year

   

0.0

   

0.0

   

0.0

   

0.0

   

0.0

2003-2008

0.0

 

0.0

 

875.0

 

14.0

 

1553.0

 

100.0

 

0.0

 

0.0

 

1374

 

55.0

 

2009-2014

1880.0

 

100.0

 

2830.0

 

45.4

 

0.0

 

0.0

 

72.0

 

10.0

 

405

 

16.2

 

2015-2019

0.0

 

0.0

 

2528.0

 

40.6

 

0.0

 

0.0

 

647.0

 

90.0

 

720

 

28.8

 

Sex

   

0.0

   

0.0

   

0.0

   

0.0

   

0.3

Male

962.0

 

51.2

 

2874.0

 

46.1

 

778.0

 

50.1

 

382.0

 

53.1

 

1400

 

56.0

 

Female

918.0

 

48.8

 

2259.0

 

53.9

 

775.0

 

49.9

 

337.0

 

46.9

 

1093

 

43.7

 

Educational level

   

1.6

   

0.0

   

100.0

   

100.0

   

29.9

Low

800.0

 

42.6

 

0.0

 

0.0

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

195

 

7.8

 

Medium

432.0

 

23.0

 

0.0

 

0.0

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

1149

 

46.0

 

High

618.0

 

32.9

 

6233.0

 

100.0

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

409

 

16.4

 

Smoker

682.0

 

62.8

1.0

877.0

 

14.1

0.6

56.0

 

3.6

0.0

13.0

 

97.9

0.3

381

 

15.2

39.3

Passive smoker

1039.0

 

41.8

2.9

1485.0

 

23.8

76.2

1353.0

 

87.1

0.1

233.0

 

67.5

0.1

426

 

17.0

16.9

Degree of urbanization

   

100.0

   

0.0

   

0.0

   

0.0

   

31.2

Rural area

-

 

-

 

6233.0

 

100.0

 

388.0

 

25.0

 

183.0

 

25.5

 

1310

 

52.4

 

Towns or suburbs

-

 

-

 

0.0

 

0.0

 

822.0

 

52.9

 

352.0

 

49.0

 

409

 

16.4

 

Cities

-

 

-

 

0.0

 

0.0

 

343.0

 

22.1

 

184.0

 

25.6

 

0

 

0.0

 
 

Belgium

    
 

FLEHS_I

FLEHS_II

FLEHS_III

FLEHS_IV

    
 

Mean

 

SD*

Missing data (%)

Mean

 

SD*

Missing data (%)

Mean

 

SD*

Missing data (%)

Mean

 

SD*

Missing data (%)

    

Age (years) (whole population)

35.7

±

21.5

0.0

19.3

±

7.3

0.0

14.9

±

0.7

0.0

14.3

±

0.6

0.0

    

Children (≤12 years)

-

±

-

 

-

±

-

 

-

±

-

 

-

±

-

     

Teenagers (13-17 years)

14.9

±

0.6

 

14.9

±

0.7

 

14.9

±

0.7

 

14.3

±

0.6

     

Adults (≥18 years)

57.6

±

4.2

 

30.2

±

4.5

 

-

±

-

 

-

±

-

     

Pb concentrations (μg/L)

34.6

±

22.0

0.2

14.3

±

7.5

0.0

10.1

±

4.6

0.0

8.4

±

4.0

0.0

    
 

N

 

%

Missing data (%)

N

 

%

Missing data (%)

N

 

%

Missing data (%)

N

 

%

Missing data (%)

    

Sampling year

   

0.0

   

0.0

   

0.0

   

0.0

    

2003-2008

3232.0

 

100.0

 

164.0

 

19.3

 

0.0

 

0.0

 

0.0

 

0.0

     

2009-2014

0.0

 

0.0

 

685.0

 

80.7

 

406.0

 

100.0

 

0.0

 

0.0

     

2015-2019

0.0

 

0.0

 

0.0

 

0.0

 

0.0

 

0.0

 

419.0

 

100.0

     

Sex

   

0.0

   

0.0

   

0.0

   

0.0

    

Male

1656.0

 

51.2

 

324.0

 

38.2

 

195.0

 

48.0

 

198.0

 

47.3

     

Female

1576.0

 

48.8

 

525.0

 

61.8

 

211.0

 

52.0

 

221.0

 

52.7

     

Educational level

   

52.8

   

71.7

   

100.0

   

100.0

    

Low

651.0

 

20.1

 

22.0

 

2.6

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

-

     

Medium

422.0

 

13.1

 

71.0

 

8.4

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

-

     

High

454.0

 

14.0

 

147.0

 

17.3

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

-

     

Smoker

507.0

 

15.7

1.7

72.0

 

8.5

1.2

43.0

 

10.6

1.0

18.0

 

4.3

0.2

    

Passive smoker

2100.0

 

65.0

17.7

382.0

 

45.0

15.7

333.0

 

82.0

0.7

48.0

 

11.5

0.5

    

Degree of urbanization

   

100.0

   

0.0

   

0.0

   

0.0

    

Rural area

-

 

-

 

81.0

 

9.5

 

58.0

 

14.3

 

58.0

 

13.8

     

Towns or suburbs

-

 

-

 

735.0

 

86.6

 

297.0

 

73.2

 

306.0

 

73.0

     

Cities

-

 

-

 

33.0

 

3.9

 

51.0

 

12.6

 

55.0

 

13.1

     
  1. *Standard deviation.
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