Table 2 Table of notations.
Symbol | Description |
|---|---|
\(E_r(i)\) | Residual energy ratio of SN i (current energy over initial energy) |
\(E_{\text {curr}}(i)\) | Current residual energy of SN i |
\(E_{\text {init}}(i)\) | Initial energy of SN i |
\(D_{BS}(i)\) | Normalized Euclidean distance from SN i to the BS |
d(i, BS) | Euclidean distance between SN i and the BS |
\(d_{\text {max}}\) | Maximum possible distance to the BS |
\(N_d(i)\) | SN density around SN i (neighbor count normalized) |
\(N_{\text {neighbors}}(i)\) | Number of neighbors of SN i |
\(N_{\text {total}}\) | Total number of SNs in the network |
\(L_s(i)\) | Link stability of SN i (successful transmissions ratio) |
\(P_{\text {recv}}(i)\) | Number of packets successfully received by SN i |
\(P_{\text {sent}}(i)\) | Number of packets sent by SN i |
\(\mu (x;a,b,c)\) | Triangular membership function with parameters a, b, and c |
J | Cost function minimized by fuzzy membership updates |
\(\alpha , \beta , \gamma , \delta\) | Weighting coefficients in cost or fitness functions |
\(w_k\) | Weight of the k-th fuzzy rule |
\(\eta\) | Learning rate for adaptive fuzzy rule updates |
\(\alpha _k\) | Firing strength of fuzzy rule k |
\(z_k\) | Centroid of the fuzzy output for rule k |
\(CH_{\text {score}}(i)\) | Cluster Head suitability score for SN i |
f(x) | Fitness function for routing path optimization |
\(E_{\text {route}}\) | Total energy consumed along a routing path |
\(D_{\text {route}}\) | Total delay along the routing path |
\(L_{\text {stability}}\) | Link stability of the selected routing path |
PDR | Packet delivery ratio along the path |
\(X_i\) | Particle (routing path) position |
\(V_i\) | Velocity of the particle |
\(P_{\text {best}}\) | Best position found by particle i |
\(G_{\text {best}}\) | Best position found by any particle in the swarm |
w | Inertia weight in PSO |
\(c_1, c_2\) | Cognitive and social coefficients in PSO |
\(r_1, r_2\) | Random numbers uniformly distributed in [0, 1] |
T | Interval for invoking GA during PSO iterations |
