Table 3 Simulation parameters and optimization settings^43,44,45.

Simulation Area

\(100 \times 100\) m²

Number of SNss

5 and 20 (two scenarios)

BS Location

Center of the field

Initial Energy per SN

2 J

Communication Range

25 m

Packet Size

512 bytes

Data Aggregation Energy

5 nJ/bit/signal

Electronics Energy (\(E_{elec}\))

50 nJ/bit

Amplifier Energy (\(\varepsilon _{amp}\))

100 pJ/bit/m²

Channel Type

Free Space and Multipath (adaptive)

Routing Protocol

PSO-optimized fuzzy-based clustering

Fuzzification Inputs

Residual Energy, SN Density, Link Stability, Distance to BS

Simulation Tool

MATLAB and Google colaboratory

Number of Iterations

100

PSO Settings

Number of Particles

30

Inertia Weight (w)

0.7

Cognitive Coefficient (\(c_1\))

1.5

Social Coefficient (\(c_2\))

1.5

Velocity Limits

[-4, 4]

Fitness Function

Based on energy, delay, link stability, and PDR

GA Settings

Population Size

30

Crossover Probability

0.8

Mutation Probability

0.1

Selection Method

Tournament selection

Crossover Method

Two-point crossover

Mutation Method

Bit-flip mutation

Fitness Function

Same as PSO (multi-objective)